tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46339856114035376762024-03-13T05:41:40.326-07:00herman_civilHermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-8866477391807831482012-02-04T08:56:00.000-08:002012-02-04T08:56:51.079-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz9NnOcoksZgumQ3H1uAmd2i8gHN42W1UA0vCWB0riy9crb2aMail54i47luYq-PBNVH9_h67Rz_pPE457i_w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Key Google Sketchup 8 PRO FREEHermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-83462865420904343062012-02-04T05:26:00.000-08:002012-02-04T05:26:10.996-08:00BAGAIMANA MENGHITUNG R.A.B<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://www.rudydewanto.com/2010/03/b9.html"><span style="color: blue;"></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada dasarnya Rencana Anggaran dan Biaya adalah tidaklah rumit atau bisa dikatakan gampang-gampang susah, dikatakan gampang karena RAB hanyalah hasil perkalian antara Volume Pekerjaan (dari sekian banyak item pekerjaan) dengan Analisa Harga Satuan pekerjaan. Sedangkan dikatakan susah karena anda harus telaten dan teliti karena item pekerjaan sangat banyak. Sebenanya bagian tersusahnya adalah menghitung volume pekerjaan. Sedangkan Analisa Harga satuan adalah factor pengali Volume Pekerjaan, yang sudah distandartkan secara nasional, sehingga jika ketemu volume pekerjaanya tinggal mengalikan.<b><br />
<br />
</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zwVYq8NdRIs/S6a6Vqdkt9I/AAAAAAAAAmU/wZCYaFOUIDw/s1600-h/housedownpayment-main_Full.jpg"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a><b><span style="color: red;">I. PEKERJAAN AWAL</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengukuran adalah sebelum memulai pekerjaan, untuk menentukan posisi dari bangunan dilakukan pengukuran batas-batas, volume pengukuran adalah dihitung dengan satuan lumpsum, misal diperkirakan dikerjakan 2 hari dengan 2 tukang, sehingga perhitungan sbb ,upah tukang Rp.45.000, maka biaya 50.000 x 2 orang x 2 hari = Rp. 180.000.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bowplank. Digunakan untuk membantu menentukan As atau letak titik dari bangunan, dengan cara membuat pagar menggunakan papan 2/15 dipaku pada kayu ukuran 5/7 sebagai tiang, dibuat dengan jarak 1 meter dari as bangunan dipasang keliling bangunan. Misal rumah ukuran 6 x 7 , maka volume bowplank adalah (6+1+1)+(7+1+1)=17 m. Harga dan kebutuhan material dapat dilihat pada Analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II. PEKERJAAN GALIAN DAN URUGAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Galian Adalah pekerjaan menggali yang berhubungan dengan pembuatan fondasi, dalam dan lebarnya fondasi ditentukan oleh type fondasi. Misal lebar bawah fondasi 70 cm, maka lebar dari galian adalah 70 cm ditambah kiri 10 cm kanan 10 cm menjadi 70 + 20 = 90 cm, sedangkan kedalaman galian juga ditentukan oleh keadaan tanah baik, tetapi kalau kondisi tanah biasa umumnya kedalaman galian 70 cm, maka volume galian adalah 0.9 m x 0.7 m x panjang fondasi = satuan m3, sedangkan untuk menentukan berapa jumlah tenaga atau upah dapat dilihat analisa pekerjaan galian.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Urugan Adalah pekerjaan mengurug lantai bangunan, volume dihitung luas bangunan dikalikan tinggi urugan satuan m3, kebutuhan material urugan dan jumlah tenaga atau upah dapat dilihat pada analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengurug kembali adalah mengurug bekas galian Fondasi, volume biasanya dihitung 1/3 dari volume galian, contoh volume galian 60 m3 maka urugan kembali adalah 60 m3/3 = 20 m3.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III. PEKERJAAN FONDASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lantai Kerja adalah suatu item pekerjaan yang lokasinya dibawah fondasi (lihat fondasi Rumah), lantai kerja dapat berupa urugan pasir dengan tebal 10 cm, pasangan batu kali kosong, atau beton dengan campuran 1:3:5 tebal 5 s/d 10 cm. cara perhitungan adalah luas dikalikan tebal dengan satuan m3, kebutuhan material dan upah lihat analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasangan Pondasi adalah fondasi batu kali (stal) untuk bangunan rumah lantai 1, cara menghitung volume hitung semua panjang fondasi kemudian dikalikan tinggi fondasi, dan dikalikan (lebar atas+lebar bawah dibagi 2), satuan m3. Contoh: panjang seluruh fondasi 50 meter, tinggi fondasi 0,7 meter, lebar atas fondasi 0.3 meter lebar bawah fondasi 0.7 meter, maka volumenya adalah 50 x 0,7 x ((0,3+0,7)/2) = 17,5 m3.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">IV. PEKERJAAN BETON</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sloof adalah struktur bangunan yang berada diatas fondasi untuk lebih jelas lihat sloof rumah lantai 1 dan 2.Cara menghitung volume sebagai berikut : untuk volume beton panjang total sloof x lebar x tinggi = satuan m3. Untuk perhitungan jumlah besi beton, pertama yang dicari adalah jumlah begel, dengan cara panjang total sloof dibagi jarak begel ditambah 1 = jumlah begel, jumlah begel dikalikan panjang satu begel = panjang total besi beton yang dibutuhkan. Misal sloof 15/20, begel d 8 – 15, panjang total 25 meter, jumlah begel = (25/0.15)+1=167,6 bh = 168 bh, sedangkan panjang satu begel = ((15 -5)x 2)+((20-5) x 2)= 50 cm, maka total besi beton untuk begel adalah 0,5 x 168 = 84 meter, satu batang besi beton panjang standar adalah 12 m, 84/12= 7 batang. Untuk menghitung besi beton tulangan pokok yaitu dengan cara jumlah tulangan pokok dikalikan panjang total. Sedangkan untuk perhitungan RAB besi beton tidak dihitung,yang ditampilkan adalah volume beton.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolom Cara menghitung Volume adalah tentukan atau hitung jumlah kolom kemudian dikalikan tinggi kolom,sehingga mendapat total panjang kolom x lebar x tinggi = volume kolom satuan m3.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ring balk. Cara menghitung volume sama dengan perhitungan sloof dan kolom</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">V. PEKERJAAN DINDING</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasangan Bata. Dinding pasangan bata ada 2 cara menghitung yaitu dengan cara perhitungan luas dan dengan cara perhitungan isi, untuk perhitungan isi jarang sekali digunakan, akan tetapi bila suatu saat dibutuhkan dengan cara perhitungan isi, caranya adalah luas x tebal, untuk tebal tergantung jenis pasangan bata, pasangan 1 bata atau ½ bata ,untuk ukuran 1 bata yaitu 30 cm sedangkan ukuran ½ bata 15 cm.<i>Cara menghitung luas pasangan bata adalah sebagai berikut, hitung keliling dari dinding, kalikan dengan tinggi dinding, dan dikurang luas dari daun jendela,daun pintu,boven, satuan m2.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Plesteran Volume plesteran adalah 2 x dari volume pasangan bata.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Acian Sama dengan cara menghitung volume plesteran tetapi dikurangi, daerah yang tidak di aci seperti dinding keramik dll.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sponengan atau tali air Sponengan atau tali air adalah batas antara kusen dan plesteran, bila lebar kusen kurang dari lebar dinding (15 cm) maka batas antara kusen dan plesteran disebut sponengan, sedangakan bila lebar kusen sama dengan lebar dinding maka batas antara kusen dan plesteran disebut tali air.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">VI. PEKERJAAN KUSEN DAN PINTU, JENDELA</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Kusen. Cara perhitungan kusen pada RAB ada 2 macan yaitu dengan satuan jadi, atau m3, untuk satuan m3 yaitu hitung semua panjang dari bahan pembuat kusen kemudian dikalikan dengan tebal dan lebar dari kayu, satuan m3. Kebutuhan material dan upah dapat dilihat pada analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daun Pintu. Daun pintu ada beberapa macam, missal daun pintu panil atau doble plywood, dalam perhitungan volume untuk RAB biasanya di hitung perunit.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Kusen Pintu dan Jendela. Volume pemasangan bermacam-macam, antara lain dengan cara panjang keliling kusen, per ubang, atau per unit.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Daun Pintu dan Jendela Volume pemasangan dihitung perunit, diluar pemasangan kunci tanam, hak angin, slot.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zwVYq8NdRIs/S6a65E5RdtI/AAAAAAAAAmc/CgdZSz1lg_Q/s1600-h/Construction.jpg"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a><b><span style="color: red;">VII. PEKERJAAN RANGKA ATAP.</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Kuda-Kuda Volume dihitung dengan satuan m3, yaitu panjang total bahan dikalikan dimensi kayu yang dipakai. Contoh, panjang total bahan yang digunakan untuk kuda-kuda adalah 25 meter kayu yang digunakan 8/12 maka volume adalah 25 x 0.08 x 0.12 = 0.24 m3.untuk harga dapat dilihat analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Gording. Yang dimaksud dengan pembuatan gording adalah pembuatan sambungan antara gording, satuan adalah m3, cara mencari volume sama dengan cara mencari volume pada perhitungan kuda-kuda.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Jurai. Sama dengan pembuatan gording,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Balok Nok. Sama dengan pembuatan gording, dan Jurai. Untuk ketiga item pekerjaan tersebut dimensi kayu biasanya sama hanya letak saja yang membedakan nama item pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Kuda-kuda. Yang dimaksud pasang kuda-kuda biasanya disebut erextion kuda-kuda, adalah pemasangan kuda-kuda dilokasi tempatnya kuda-kuda. Tidak membutuhkan material tambahan karna kuda-kuda dipasang setelah dibuat. Biaya biasanya diambil 50 % dari biaya pembuatan kuda-kuda. Begitu juga untuk pemasangan jurai,gording,balok nok. Satuan volumenya adalah m3.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Papan Suri. Yang dimaksud dengan papan suri adalah, papan yang letaknya diatas balok nok, yang berfungsi untuk menahan kerpus, ukuran yg digunakan biasanya 2/20 dapat juga lebih kecil atau lebih besar sesuai kebutuhan dilapangan. Satuan volumenya adalah m’.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Usuk. Usuk biasanya menggunakan kayu ukuran 4/6 atau 5/7, yg sering digunakan adalah kayu ukuran 5/7, untuk atap yg menggunkan asbes atau seng tidak memakai usuk, cukup dengan gording. Perhitungan usuk yaitu luas dengan satuan m2. kebutuhan matererial dan upah lihat analisa pekerjaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Alumunium poil. Pemasangan alumunium poil dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi panas dan mencegah tampias saat terjadi hujan yang disertai angin, bahan yang digunakan tidak mutlak alumunium poil, dapat diganti dengan karpet atau seng plat. letak alumunium poil adalah diantara usuk dan reng. Satuannya adalah m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Reng.Reng ukuran yang digunakan ada dua macam yaitu 2/3 atau ¾,tergantung jenis genteng yang dipakai, untuk genteng beton biasanya menggunakan ukuran ¾ , perhitungan reng adalah sama dengan menghitung usuk yaitu luas dengan satuan m2.(luas reng sama dengan luas dari usuk).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang GentengGenteng ada beberapa jenis, akan tetapi yang umum adalah genteng beton dan genteng keramik. Perhitungan volume adalah luas dengan satuan m2. biasanya sama dengan luas reng maupun usuk.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang talangTalang ada beberapa jenis bahan yang digunakan, talang seng, talang PVC, talang beton, untuk setiap jenis bahan cara perhitungan volume berbeda-beda, untuk talang yang terbuat dari seng volume nya adalah luas dengan satuan m2, talang yang terbuat dari PVC volumenya adalah panjang dengan satuan m’, sedangkan untuk talang beton dapat dihitung dengan m3 ataupun m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">List plank ada beberapa jenis bahan yang digunakan, yaitu bahan dari kayu, beton, pvc, fiber dll, tetapi saat ini list plank yang sering digunakan adalah terbuat dari kayu dan beton, perhitungan volume ada yang menggunakan m’,m2,m3. perhitungan volume tidak mengikat.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">VIII. PEKERJAAN PENGGANTUNG DAN PENGUNCI.</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rangka Plafond ada beberapa jenis bahan yang digunakan, yaitu rangka kayu 4/6, rangka besi (bermacam-macam). Untuk perhitungan volume kalau menggunkan kayu biasanya dihitung luas, sedangkan untuk besi dihitung dengan berat (kg).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Plafon. Plafon bermacam-macam dari jenis bahan yang digunakan, seperti, bahan kayu, eternit, asbes plat, plywood, gibsum dll, untuk perhitungan volume adalah luas dengan satuan m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Kunci tanam, grendel, hak angin. Perhitungan menggunkan satuan unit, atau buah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Kaca. Pemasangan kaca yaitu dengan perhitungan luas satuan m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">List plafond Yang dimaksud dengan list plafon adalah list yang berada dipinggir pertemuan antara plafond dengan dinding, tujuan pemasangan list, agar terlihat rapi. Satuan volume adalah m’.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zwVYq8NdRIs/S6a8xqN7N8I/AAAAAAAAAmk/4SQnU_pcrsA/s1600-h/ceramic_tile.jpg"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a><b><span style="color: red;">IX. PEKERJAAN LANTAI DAN KERAMIK.</span></b></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beton Lantai 1:3:5 Yang dimaksud dengan beton lantai, biasanya disebut floor, atau plesteran lantai, tebal beton lantai untuk rumah tinggal mulai dari 5 cm sampai dengan 10 cm. sebelum lantai diplester sebaiknya diberi urugan pasir setebal 10 cm. Untuk perhitungan volume lantai beton m3, tetapi kadang-kadang ada yang membuat m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang keramik lantai utama dan wc. Pemasangan keramik lantai volume yang digunakan adalah luas dg satuan m2.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Keramik Dinding. Pemasangan keramik dinding volume yang digunakan adalah luas dg satuan m2.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">X. PEKERJAAN SANITASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Saluran air bersih pvc ¾”. Perhitungan volume adalah panjang dengan satuan m’.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Saluran Air kotor pvc 4” Perhitungan volume adalah panjang dengan satuan m’.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang Closet, kran Perhitungan volume adalah buah atau unit.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Septick tank atau beerput. Septick tank atau beerput adalah suatu tempat untuk menampung kotoran manusia, perbedaan septick tank dan beerput adalah dari bentuk mdan bahan yang digunakan akan tetapi fungsinya sama. Bahan Septick tank yang digunakan adalah pasangan bata, dengan ukuran persegi panjang, sedangkan kalau beerput bahan yang digunakan buis beton diameter 80 cm s/d 90 cm. biasanya perhitungan volume adalah unit (lansung jadi).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saluran Peresapan atau Sumur Peresapan. Saluran peresapan atau sumur peresapan adalah suatu bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai peresapan air dari buangan septick tank. Volume perhitungan adalah unit.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">XI. PEKERJAAN PHINISING.</span></b><br />
Pekerjaan Cat tembok, plafon, kusen, daun pintu dan jendela. Perhitungan Volume nya adalah luas dengan satuan m2.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">XII. PEKERJAAN INSTALASI LISTRIK.</span></b><br />
Pekerjaan instalasi listrik volume pekerjaan menggunakan titik, sedangkan harga sesuai dengan ketentuan PLN.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">XIII. PEMEBERSIHAN AKHIR.</span></b><br />
Yang dimaksud dengan pekerjaan pembersihan akhir, adalah pekerjaan pembersihan sisa sisa material atau kotoran-kotoran aikibat dari pekerjaan, seperti pembersihan kamar mandi, lantai, kusen dari debu-debu, karna volumenya tidak bisa dihitung maka menggunakan satuan LS atau lump sum. <i>(dari berbagai sumber)</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-32877328724658382972012-02-04T05:23:00.000-08:002012-02-04T05:23:03.692-08:00Pengertian Pondasi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>PENGERTIAN PONDASI</b><br />
Pengertian umum untuk Pondasi Rumah adalah Struktur bagian bawah bangunan yang berhubungan langsung dengan tanah, atau bagian bangunan yang terletak di bawah permukaan tanah yang mempunyai fungsi memikul beban bagian bangunan lainnya di atasnya.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pondasi harus diperhitungkan untuk dapat menjamin kestabilan bangunan terhadap beratnya sendiri, beban - beban bangunan (beban isi bangunan), gaya-gaya luar seperti: tekanan angin,gempa bumi, dan lain-lain. Disamping itu, tidak boleh terjadi penurunan level melebihi batas yang diijinkan. Agar kegagalan fungsi pondasi dapat dihindari, maka pondasi bangunan harus diletakkan pada lapisan tanah yang cukup keras, padat, dan kuat mendukung beban bangunan tanpa menimbulkan penurunan yang berlebihan. Pondasi merupakan bagian struktur dari bangunan yang sangat penting, karena fungsinya adalah menopang bangunan diatasnya, maka proses pembangunannya harus memenuhi persyaratan utama sebagai berikut:</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Cukup kuat menahan muatan geser akibat muatan tegak ke bawah.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Dapat menyesuaikan pergerakan tanah yang tidak stabil (tanah gerak)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tahan terhadap pengaruh perubahan cuaca</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tahan terhadap pengaruh bahan kimia</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>MACAM PONDASI</b><br />
Pondasi dangkal ( shallow foundation ) adalah Pondasi yang digunakan bila letak tanah kerasnya berada dekat dengan permukaan tanah, yang kedalaman pondasi kurang atau sama dengan lebar pondasi. Pondasi dangkal terdiri dari : Pondasi telapak, cakar ayam, sarang laba-laba, gasing, grid, dan lain-lain.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pondasi dalam ( deep foundation ) adalah Pondasi yang digunakan bila letak tanah kerasnya berada jauh dengan permukaan tanah, yang kedalaman pondasi lebih dalam dari ukuran lebar pondasi. Pondasi dalam terdiri dari : Pondasi sumuran, tiang, kaison.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Suatu jenis pondasi mempunyai karakteristik penggunaan tertentu. oleh karena itu, dalam mendisain pondasi perlu dibuat alternatif yang kemudian dipilih alternatif yang terbaik berdasarkan kriteria secara teknis,kemudahan pelaksanaan, ekonomis, dan dampak lingkungan.<br />
Agar dapat hasil yang baik maka perlu mempunyai pengetahuan tentang permasalahan pondasi.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>RENOVASI PONDASI</b><br />
Tahukah anda bahwa terkadang anggaran renovasi rumah adalah lebih mahal dari membangun rumah dari awal. Logika sederhananya adalah adanya tambahan biaya berupa pekerjaan bongkaran dan perbaikan didalamnya. Misalnya, bila kita ingin menambah tingkat rumah kita, maka pekerjaan bongkaran lantai tidak bisa dihindari, karena kita harus menggali untuk tempat pondasi baru pendukung struktur lantai 2. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Jika pondasi pada bangunan lama tidak diketahui, pada saat renovasi konstruksi, maka kita harus menggali dan melihat apakah pondasinya memungkinkan untuk 2 lantai. Jika pondasi lama hanya untuk struktur 1 lantai maka dapat dilakukan perkuatan-perkuatan setempat atau di lapangan sering disebut pondasi suntik. Ini menyebabkan bangunan lama harus dibongkar pada titik-titik tertentu sebagai tempat pondasi baru pendukung struktur bahkan sebagian area lantai dan dinding juga perlu akan perlu dibongkar. Bisa dibayangkan, jika di ruangan 3×3 terdapat galian untuk 4 titik pondasi di setiap pojok ruangan, maka hampir seluruh lantai dibongkar.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pondasi yang paling umum dipakai adalah pondasi strous yang dihubungkan dengan poor , yang mana letak poor persis dibawah kolom yang menyokong lantai 2. Selain itu juga bisa memakai Pondasi Borepile. Teknik ini banyak digunakan pada hampir semua jenis tanah dan bangunan. Teknik ini mempunyai daya dukung beban tidak hanya pada ujung penampang borepile,<br />
tetapi juga pada semua sisi-sisi luarnya (gaya gesek). Proses pengerjaannya sebagai berikut:</div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Titik pondasi di bor terlebih dahulu, menggunakan mesin boredpile, sampai kedalaman tanah keras. Diameter lubang, sesuai perhitungan bobot beban bangunan. Untuk Pondasi strauss, cukup memakai bor tangan, mengingat mesin bor cukup besar dan perlu manuver untuk memutarnya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Besi beton yang sudah dirangkai, dimasukkan kedalam lubang bor.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemasangan Pipa tremi (penyalur semen beton).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengecoran / Penuangan semen beton kedalam lubang bor melalui pipa tremi, mulai dari dasar lubang menuju keatas. Bersamaan dengan penuangan beton cor, pipa tremi ikut juga dicabut perlahan mengikuti volume beton, sampai lubang bor penuh terisi padat.</span></li>
</ol><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dengan teknik Pondasi Borepile atau pondasi strauss ini, pengeboran dan pengecoran langsung kedalam lubang. Sehingga memungkinkan seluruh tiang menyatu dengan tanah, akhirnya didapat kekuatan daya dukung menyeluruh.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>MATERIAL </b><br />
Disamping teknik strukturnya yang harus benar, mutu material pembuat pondasi dan beton juga harus berkwalitas. Karakteristik dan sifat beton sangat tergantung dari design campuran dan kwalitas bahan-bahan penyusunnya, setiap tahapan dalam proses produksi pondasi dan beton dilapangan memegang peranan penting dalam menghasilkan pondasi beton yang berkwalitas antara lain :</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Pasir dan koral :</b> Kesalahan penempatan dan penyimpanan material, dapat menyebabkan menurunnya kwalitas pondasi. Penempatan pasir dan koral harus sedemikian rupa jangan sampai tercampur oleh bahan-bahan lain. Selain itu penggunaan landasan untuk stok material sangat dianjurkan agar dapat mencegah terbawanya tanah saat pengambilan barang.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Semen : </b>Dijaga agar tidak lembab, disimpan didalam ruangan atau gudang dan dibawahnya di beri landasan agar semen tidak langsung kena uap lantai, karena apabila uap mengenai semen, mengakibatkan kwalitas semen menurun dan sebagian akan mengeras, berubah menjadi butiran butiran kasar.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Persiapan dan Proses Pencampuran :</b> Untuk menghasilkan beton dengan kwalitas yang seragam, bahan- bahan penyusun pondasi harus disiapkan dan ditakar dengan teliti karena akan mempengaruhi homogenitas campuran, pencampuran dapat dilakukan dengan cara manual atau mekanis, pencampuran manual yaitu menggunakan tenaga manusia dengan peralatan cangkul dan skop, disarankan untuk pekerjaan volume pondasi yang besar sebaiknya dilakukan dengan cara mekanis. Pencampuran mekanis yaitu dengan cara mixer (mollen), utnuk mendapatkan campuran yang baik diperlukan minimal 50 kali putaran mixer atau tidak kurang dari 1 menit untuk volume pengecoran 1 m3.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kekentalan adukan : </b>Harus disesuaikan dengan cara transportasi, cara pemadatan, jenis konstruksi yang bersangkutan dan kerapatan dari tulangan. Kekentalan tersebut bergantung pada berbagai hal. Jumlah dan jenis semen, nilai factor air semen, jenis dan susunan butir dari agregat serta bahan pembantu lain.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Pemadatan : </b>Dilakukan sesaat setelah beton dituangkan, dengan tujuan untuk meminimalkan jumlah rongga yang terbentuk didalam beton sehingga beton mempunyai kekuatan yang tinggi. Dan menambah kekedapan air.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Perawatan beton : </b>Sifat-sifat beton seperti kekuatan dan daya tahan akan bertambah dengan perkembangan umur beton, perkembangan ini akan sangat cepat pada umur awal dan berlangsung terus namun dalam kecepatan yang makin melambat. Hilangnya air yang terlalu cepat akan mengakibatkan lambatnya perkembangan mutu beton, dan juga volume beton menyusut mengakibatkan timbulnya tegangan tarik pada permukaan yang mongering, jika tegangan tarik ini terjadi sebelum beton mencapai kekuatan yang memadai maka akan timbul retak pada beton, disarankan sebelum beton mencapai umur dari setelah beton agak mongering sebaiknya di tutupi dengan karung/zak yang basah,digenangi air selama 2 minggu. Beton akan mencapai kekuatan maksimal yaitu pada umur 21 hari. Bila dikehendaki umur beton lebih cepat dapat menggunakan bahan campuran yang dikususkan untuk mempercepat umur beton<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-27453226218932974982012-02-04T05:00:00.000-08:002012-02-04T05:03:08.682-08:00<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-b_wKKNEVZco/Ty0rNPvlmgI/AAAAAAAAAEo/8dYsR713EMk/s1600/168711_1869975791946_1317636004_2188647_5440429_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-b_wKKNEVZco/Ty0rNPvlmgI/AAAAAAAAAEo/8dYsR713EMk/s400/168711_1869975791946_1317636004_2188647_5440429_n.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV">Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR">1024 x 768 - 162k - jpg</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR">skyscrapercity.com</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Bandara Banda Aceh</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda adalah sebuah bandar udara untuk melayani Kota Banda Aceh dan sekitarnya, yang terletak di wilayah Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Aceh. Bandara ini dikelola oleh PT Angkasa Pura II, untuk melayani rute domestik dan internasional, Saat ini sudah ada satu penerbangan internasional, yaitu Air Asia ke Kuala Lumpur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Maskapai</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Garuda Indonesia (Jakarta)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Jatayu Airlines (Medan) [mengakhiri operasinya]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Lion Air (Jakarta)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Sriwijaya Air (Jakarta)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FR">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FR">Pelangi Air (Meulaboh)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FR">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FR">Air Asia (Kuala Lumpur)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR">Referensi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV"> 1. Kompas Cyber, 6 Agustus 2005. Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda Belum Layani Penerbangan Luar Negeri Bandar udara internasional sultan iskandar muda akan segera diperluas dan menempati gedung baru yang jauh lebih besar dari bandara polonia medan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV">Pranala luar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Keterangan tentang Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda di situs Dirjen Perhubungan Udara l • b • s Bandar Udara di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV">Sejarah Bandara</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda Banda Aceh terletak pada 05 31’ 01” LU dan 095 25’ 12” BT, dengan ketinggian 19, 6 m dari permukaan laut. Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda dibangun oleh Pemerintah Jepang pada tahun 1943. Saat itu Bandar Udara memeliki panjang1400 meter dan lebar 30 meter yang berbentuk huruf T dari ujung Selatan membujur dari Timur ke Barat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Pada tahun 1953 Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda (saat itu masih bernama Bandar Udara Blang Bintang) dibuka kembali oleh Pemerintah Republik Indonesia untuk keperluan pendaratan pesawat. Landasan yang digunakan hanya landasan yang membujur dariSelatan ke Utara yang panjangnya 1400 meter. Saat itu pesawat yang pertama mendarat adalah pesawat Dakota, pada tahun ini , fasilitas sisi darat hanya terdapat bangunan kayu yang memakai atap rumbia. Beberapa tahun kemudian ditambah dengan pendaratan pesawat jenis Convair 240. Tahun 1968, Bandar Udara mengalami perkembangan dengan perpanjangan landasan menjadi 1850 meter dengan lebar 45 meter, sertaAppron 90 x 120 meter, sehingga telah mampu didarati oleh pesawat-pesawat berukuran besar seperi F. 28.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Tahun 1993/1994 Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda kembali mengalami perkembangan berkaitan dengan akan diselenggarakan MTQ Nasional dengan perpanjangan landasan menjadi 2250 x 45 meter, sehingga dapat didarati jenis pesawat DC-9/B-737 serta didukungdengan pemasangan sebuah Radar yang terletak di Gunung Linteung yang berjarak lebih kurang 14 Km dari Bandar Udara. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Pada tanggal 9 April 1994 Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda bergabung dengan PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura II, berdasarkan Surat Menteri Keuangan No. 533/MK.016/1994 dan Surat Menteri Perhubungan No. A. 278/AU.002/SKJ/1994</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV">Usulan Perubahan Nama Bandara</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV"> Seiring dengan waktu, Bandara ini terus dilakukan peningkatan serta pengembangan, dan yang terakhir pada tahun 2000, untuk pendaratan pesawat setingkat Air Bus A330, sebagai Bandara Embarkasi Haji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Tahun 2003 Pemerintah Daerah (Pemda) berkeinginan untuk meningkatkan Pembangunan Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda untuk pendaratan Pesawat Setingkat Boeing 747, yang sesuai dengan Master Plan yang telah disahkan oleh Menteri Perhubungan. Master Plan ini dijadikan "Rencana Induk" untuk Pembangunan Bandar Udara Sultan Iskandar Muda sampai saat ini. Dan dimulai dengan pembebasan tanah secara bertahap oleh Pemda sesuai kebutuhan Master Plan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Pada Tahun 2005, PT.(Persero) Angkasa Pura II, telah melaksanakan pembangungan Terminal Penumpang Tahap I (satu). Kemudian pasca bencana alam Tsunami, dalam rangka penanganan bencana alam di Provinsi NAD dan Nias, telah dibentuk Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR) Aceh-Nias untuk penanganan Rehab- Rekon. Salah satu Program BRR NAD-Nias adalah peningkatan dan pengembangan Bandara Sultan Iskandar Muda menjadi Bandara Internasional yang telah dimulai sejak tahun 2006 sampai saat ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV">Penunjang Bandara</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Fasilitas Penunjang Bandara Rendani Memprihatinkan Ketua Intelektual Arfak, Lasarus Indow SP MM, Rabu (22/7), mengatakan kondisi fasilitas penunjang di bandara udara Rendani sangat memprihatinkan. Ia mengatakan, fasilitas yang ada di bandara saat ini tidak berfungsi secara maksimal, seperti mesin untuk mengecek barang bawaan serta pengunjung atau penumpang yang masuk kedalam bandara. Oleh karena itu diharapkan kepada pemerintah, khususnya instansi teknis agar memperhatikan kondisi bandara Rendani terutama peralatan vital bandara, untuk menjaga keamanan bandara serta penerbangan.</span></div>Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-45011848492811375422012-02-03T00:45:00.000-08:002012-02-04T04:49:38.098-08:00Kontur<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEJ-NL_nIy0/TyueO9f2mzI/AAAAAAAAAEg/pWEchvdMNa0/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEJ-NL_nIy0/TyueO9f2mzI/AAAAAAAAAEg/pWEchvdMNa0/s1600/images.jpeg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BAB I </span></b></span></div><h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">PEMETAAN</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></h5><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Definisi : <i>Peta </i>adalah sarana guna memperoleh infomasi ilmiah mengenai keadaan permukaan bumi dengan cara menggambar berbagai tanda dan keterangan sehingga mudah dibaca dan di mengerti.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dalam Ilmu Ukur Tanah, kita mengenal <i>peta tranches </i>yaitu peta yang dilengkapi dengan garis <i>kontur</i> (garis tinggi) yang menunjukkan ketinggian suatu tempat, situasi dan sebagainya. Peta tersebut biasanya digunakan untuk pembangunan. Jadi jenis peta ada bermacam-macam tergantung dari penggunaannya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Maksud dari pengukuran yang akan kita lakukan adalah untuk mengumpulkan data yang diberikan untuk membuat suatu gambaran secara <i>planimetris dan topografis</i>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Yang dimaksud <i>planimetris</i> adalah kedudukan bangunan-bangunan yang dibuat oleh manusia, sedangkan <i>topografis</i> adalah konfigurasi dari keadaan tanah.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Peta yang menunjukkan gambaran <i>planimetris dan topografis</i> disebut <i>topografis map</i>. Dimana dalam peta tersebut ditunjukkan sekaligus jarak-jarak <i>horizontal</i> dan <i>vertical</i> dari suatu wilayah.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dalam mempersiapkan suatu pembuatan peta <i>topografi</i> diperlukan pengukuran dilapangan termasuk penentuan titik-titik tetap, pekerjaan hitungan dan penggambaran.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">TEORI</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Skala</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Topografi map</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> adalah representasi dari suatu daerah atau bagian dari bumi. Jarak dari dua titik yang diperlihatkan di peta harus diketahui dengan suatu perbandingan tertentu dengan keadaan tertentu, perbandingan itu disebut skala. Ada beberapa macam skala dari peta misalnya 1 : 1000 artinya 1 cm dipeta sama dengan 1000 cm dilapangan. Pemilihan skala peta tergantung daripada maksud dan penggunaan dari peta, hal ini karena menyangkut masalah ketelitian yang didapat dari hasil pengukuran. Oleh karena itu skala peta harus ditentukan terlebih dahulu sebelum penggambaran dimulai.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kontur</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Garis kontur</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> adalah garis yang menunjukkan tempat-tempat yang mempunyai ketinggian sama. Ketinggian antara dua kontur disebut <i>interval kontur</i> dan jarak <i>horizontal</i> antara kedua kontur tersebut kita bisa menentukan kecuraman suatu lereng. Sedangkan ketinggian (<i>elevasi</i>) dari sembarang titik yang terletak antara kedua kontur bisa kita tentukan dengan cara interpolasi. Pada peta, <i>garis kontur</i> merupakan garis yang tertutup atau garis yang tidak boleh berhenti kecuali pada tepi peta. Umumnya pada setiap lima garis kontur digambarkan dengan garis yang lebih tebal dari yang lain (lihat contoh Gb. 2). Pada garis-garis <i>kontur</i> yang teratur dan dekat jaraknya maka garis kontur diberi angka ketinggian hanya terbatas pada kontur yang berjauhan jaraknya (lihat contoh Gb. 1).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.9pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 1. Garis <i>kontur</i> diberi angka ketinggian hanya terbatas pada <i>kontur </i>yang berjauhan araknya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 3. <i>Kontur </i>yang teratur dan dekat jaraknya</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 4. <i>Kontur</i> yang teratur dan jaraknya agak berjauhan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Angka pada garis <i>kontur</i> tersebut menunjukkan ketinggian dari <i>kontur</i>. Dari <i>kontur</i> kita dapat mengetahui bentuk konfigurasi permukaan tanah, seperti pada gambar 3 menunjukkan adanya suatu aliran sungai, terlihat dari gambar <i>kontur</i> yang rapat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Poligon</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Maksud dilakukan pengukuran polygon adalah untuk menentukan arah dan kedudukan titik-titik yang diukur.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan polygon tertutup terbagi dalam:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan sudut dan jarak</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan <i>azimuth</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan koordinat</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ψ = <i>Azimut = </i>Sudut yang dibentuk dari utara yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> bit dari arah kanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">α1 : Sudut luar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">α2 : Sudut dalam</span></div></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 5 Poligon = Tali Meter</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan Sudut</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Sudut yang diperhitungkan meliputi sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sudut yang diperoleh dalam pembacaan yang lebih lanjut diterangkan dalam bab pengukuran <i>theodolit</i>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan sudut polygon</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Data yang diperoleh dari lapangan pada polygon tertutup apabila menggunakan sudut dalam harus memenuhi syarat (n-2) x 180<sup>o</sup>, bila menggunakan sudut luar adalah (n+2) x 180<sup>o</sup> dimana n = jumlah titik pengukuran. Dalam polygon terbuka harus memenuhi syarat:</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Y akhir – Y awal = n x 180<sup>o</sup> - ∑α. K</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑α. K = jumlah sudut dikalikan koreksi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Kesalahan perhitungan sudut akan berpengaruh pada kesalahan penutup polygon atau dengan kata lain polygon tidak akan menutup. Kesalahan tersebut tergantung pada jarak, kedudukan titik dan skala peta. Dalam praktikum ini kesalahan tersebut diabaikan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan <i>Azimuth</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan <i>azmuth</i> dapat dihitung bila sudut-sudut yang diperhitungkan telah memenuhi syarat dan <i>azmuth</i> diketahui pada waktu pengukuran. Pada polygon tertutup perhitungan berdasarkan <i>azmuth</i> awal (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> awal) sedangkan pada polygon terbuka berdasarkan <i>azimuth</i> awal dan akhir. Sudut yang terpakai dalam perhitungan tiap-tiap titik polygon pada praktikum ini seyogyanya dipakai sudut luar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan Koordinat</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk menghitung koordinat adalah:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sudut telah dikoreksi untuk tiap titik.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jarak masing-masing titik pengukuran diketahui.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Koordinat titik awal A (XA, YA) atau akhir Z (XZ, YZ) diketahui.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya dengan diketahui koordinat awal, maka dapat dihitung koordinat titik yang diukur dengan menggunakan rumus.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Absis (X), Xn= Xawal + D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Ordinat (Y), Yn = Yawal + D Cos </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, Xn atau Yn = absis atau ordinat yang akan dicari</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 219.75pt; text-indent: -120.5pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Xawal atau Yawal = absis atau ordinat awal yang telah diketahui</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 219.75pt; text-indent: -120.5pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">D = jarak antar titik</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Contoh perhitungan koordinat polygon tertutup adalah sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -1.7pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">No.</span></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">TItik</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Azimuth</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">)</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">(D)</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DSin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> (DX)</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DCos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> (DY)</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Koreksi X (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X)</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Koreksi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y)</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Koordinat</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">No. Titik</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BM</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">0</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DSin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DCos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Xp</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Yp</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BM</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Cp1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">0</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D1Sin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D1Cos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Xp</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DX</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Yp</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DY</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">CP1</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Cp2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">0</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D2Sin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">D2Cos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">Y2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DX</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DY</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">Y2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">CP2</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">(n-1)</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">0</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dn</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DnSin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DnCos</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>n-1</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">Y<sub>n-1</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X<sub>n-1</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>n-1</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">CP</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">(n-1)</span></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">n=BM</span></sup></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">0</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.1pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>n</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">Y<sub>n</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.05pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X<sub>n-1</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DX</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>n</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.25pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>n-1</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DY</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">X<sub>n</sub></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">N=BM</span></sub></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Syarat yang harus dipenuhi adalah:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> = 0 dan ∑D Cos </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> = 0</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Oleh karena itu titik awal dan titik akhirnya sama, apabila</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">¹</span><span lang="EN-US"> 0 dan ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>D Cos </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">¹</span><span lang="EN-US"> 0 kesalahan yaitu : sebesar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MapInfo Cartographic","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US">X dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MapInfo Cartographic","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US">Y sehingga mempengaruhi kedudukan titik dan mengakibatkan polygon tidak tertutup. Kesalahan ini akibat pengaruh pengukuran sudut, azimuth. Besarnya kesalahan tersebut adalah sebesar:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="166"><br />
</td> </tr>
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</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 177.2pt; text-indent: -141.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 177.2pt; text-indent: -141.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>1</sub> dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">Y<sub>1</sub> = Koreksi atau besarnya kesalahan absis atau ordinat</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 177.2pt; text-indent: -141.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup> D = Jumlah jarak polygon</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 177.2pt; text-indent: -141.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup> D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> = Jumlah jarak dikali Sin sudut azimuth (untuk absis)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 177.2pt; text-indent: -141.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup> D Cos </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> = Jumlah jarak dikali Cos sudut azimuth (untuk ordinat)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Akibat kesalahan tersebut maka perhitungan koordinat juga dikoreksi, misalnya diketahui koordinat awalnya dititik BM adalah Xp dan Yp dan titik akhir n adalah juga titik BM perhitungan menjadi sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>BM</sub> = Xp</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>1</sub> = Xp </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> X1</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>2</sub> = X1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> D Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> X2</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">X<sub>(n-1)</sub> = X<sub>(n-2)</sub> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> D<sub>(n-1)</sub> Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> X<sub>(n-1)</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Xn = X<sub>(n-1)</sub> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> D<sub>(n)</sub> Sin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> X<sub>(n)</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Oleh karena X<sub>n</sub> = X<sub>BM</sub> = X<sub>p</sub> maka harga X tersebut harus sama dengan Xp. Demikian pula untuk perhitungan ordinat Yp identik seperti diatas, jadi harga-harga X<sub>1</sub>, X<sub>2</sub>, X<sub>(n-1)</sub>, Xn dan Y<sub>1</sub>, Y<sub>2</sub>, Y<sub>(n-1)</sub>, Yn yang didapat dari perhitungan adalah saling berkaitan, hingga akhirnya Xn = Xp dan Yn = Yp. Toleransi atau limitasi kesalahan dalam praktikum ini (Sx atau Sy) tidak melebihi 1m. Dalam pengukuran yang sesungguhnya toleransi kesalahan ini berfariasi tergantung dari pengadaan peta, sebagai contoh adalah sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Panjang rata-rata</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Kesalahan penutup sudut</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">imbangan kesalahan penutup (skala peta)</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">700 m – 1000 m</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">8” x n</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1 : 20000</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">400 m – 700 m</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">10” x n</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1 : 10000</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">200 m – 400 m</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">15” x n</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1 : 5000</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">100 m – 200 m</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">20” x n</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1 : 3000</span></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Waterpass (Sipat Datar)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan waterpass dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui ketinggian suatu titik diatas permukaan tanah. Ketinggian disini adalah perbedaan vertical antara dua titik atau jarak dari bidang referensi yang telah ditetapkan kesuatu titik tertentu sepanjang garis vertical.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Metode dan jenis waterpass</span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US"><b>Penentuan beda tinggi antara dua titik</b></span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 6. Waterpass dengan instrument ditengah antara 2 titik</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Selisih tinggi antara titik A dan titik B adalah sebesar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MapInfo Cartographic","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US">H. Arah bidikan ke titik A disebut pembacaan baak belakang dan titik B disebut pembacaan baak muka. Untuk mengurangi kesalahan diusahakan letak instrument ditengah-tengah antara titik A dan B. Selisih tinggi besarnya adalah:</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="SV">H = BT Belakang – BT muka</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, BT belakang = Pembacaan benang tengah pada baak belakang</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> BT muka = Pembacaan benang tengah pada baak muka</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Jika hasil positif maka kondisi permukaan tanah dari titik A ke titik B naik, sebaliknya bila </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H negative maka titik A ke titik B turun. Pembacaan dilakukan melalui rambu-rambu ukur yang dapat dilihat dari teropong. Pembacaan terlihat dalam bidang diafragma yaitu benang atas (BA), benang tengah (BT) dan benang bawah (BB), dimana:</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H = BT Belakang – BT muka</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Serta jarak dapat diketahui yaitu : D = (BA – BB) x 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US">Angka yang tercantum menunjukkan jarak antara angka tersebut dengan alas mistar.</span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> Gb. 7. Waterpass dengan istrument tidak ditengah antara 2 titik</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Cara lain untuk menentukan beda tinggi seperti terlihat pada Gb. 7 instrumen ditempatkan disebelah kanan titik B atau sebelah kiri titik A serta titik di A dan B atau sebelah kiri titik A serta tinggi titik di A dan B diketahui, selisih tinggi (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H) besarnya: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H = H<sub>A</sub> - H<sub>B</sub></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV">Dimana, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="SV">H = Selisih tinggi antara titik A dan B</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="EN-US">H<sub>A</sub> = Tinggi titik A (pembacaan benang tengah di titik A)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> H<sub>B</sub> = Tinggi titik B (pembacaan benang tengah di titik B)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pembacaan pada rambu di titik B bisa dianggap pembacaan muka, sedang pada rambu di titik A adalah pembacaan belakang.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran tinggi dengan garis tinggi bidik</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Apabila selisih tinggi (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H) telah diketahui, maka tinggi suatu titik dapat dicari bila tinggi titik lainnya diketahui.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US">GB.8. Mendapatkan tinggi titik pengukuran untuk B bila titik A telah diketahui tingginya Tinggi garis vizir/bidik (tgv) adalah: Tgv =TP + TA</span></span> </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, tgv = Tinggi garis vizie</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> TP = Tinggi pesawat</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> TA = Tinggi titik A</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tinggi titik B dapat dicari yaitu TB = tgv - BT </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran cara ini dipakai untuk pengukuran titik detail/kipas yang akan diuraikan kemudian. Cara lain untuk mencari vizir adalah tgv = BT + TA</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Waterpass memanjang</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US">Waterpass memanjang/berantai dimaksud untuk memperoleh suatu rangkaian / jaring-jaring pengukuran.</span></span> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 9. Waterpass memanjang</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk menentukan tinggi antara titik A dan titik B dibagi dalam jarak-jarak yang lebih kecil. Jarak-jarak tersebut disebut 1 slag, sehingga pengukuran dapat dilakukan dengan mudah diteliti.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H1 = b1 – m1</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H2 = b2 – m2</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H3 = b3 – m3</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MapInfo Cartographic","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US">H4 = b4 – m4</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>H = (b1+b2+b3+………+bn) – (m1+m2+m3+………+mn)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>H = ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>b - ∑<sub>1</sub><sup>n</sup>m</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, ∑ H = Jumlah beda tinggi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> ∑ b = Jumlah pembacaan benang tengah belakang</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> ∑ m = Jumlah pembacaan benang tengah muka</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk memberikan hasil yang teliti maka dilakukan pengukuran pergi dan pulang, dimana apabila hasil antara dua pengukuran mempunyai selisih terhadap hasil rata-rata antara dua pengukuran tersebut maka harganya harus memenuhi toleransi yang diisyaratkan. Toleransi tersebut dinyatakan dalam rumus:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">E = K x S</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, E = nilai kesalahan</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> K = konstanta</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> S = Jarak</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tabel berikut adalah toleransi kesalahan pada berbagai tingkat pengukuran</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Keterangan</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tingkat Pertama</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tingkat Kedua </span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tingkat Ketiga</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Catatan</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Perbedaan dua pembacaan (Kedepan dan kebelakang)</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2,5mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">5 mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">10 mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">S adalah jarak satu arah</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Kesalahan penutup</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2 mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">5 mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">10 mm x S</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.5pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">S dalam Km</span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dalam praktikum ini tingkat pengukuran waterpass dikategorikan pada tingkat ketiga. </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Waterpass lapangan</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Yang dimaksud dengan waterpass lapangan adalah untuk menentukan ketinggian dari titik-titik dilapangan sehingga mendapatkan gambaran lengkap tentang kedudukan tinggi dari wilayah dilapangan tersebut. Metode ini disebut metode koordinat kutub. Titik-titik dilapangan diukur sudut horizontal dan vertikanlnya serta jarak optisnya dengan menggunakan Theodolit. Dengan cara ini semua titik-titik dilapangan dapat ditentukan letak situasi maupun tingginya. Cara ini diuraikan lebih lanjut pada pengukuran detail.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tabel perhitungan waterpass</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="3" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">No.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Titik</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Panjang seksi (D) meter</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.65pt;" valign="top" width="297"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Perbedaan Tinggi</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tinggi terhadap nol meter</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.7pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pergi (PG) meter</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pulang (PL) meter</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pukul rata</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">koreksi</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">A</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">76.28</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.036</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-2.034</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.038</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">345.150</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-0.002</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">347.186</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">84.90</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-1.606</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.605</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-1.606</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">345.500</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">92.8</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.900</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-1.897</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.902</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-0.002</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">347.480</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">72.66</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.039</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-2.037</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.041</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">-0.002</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">349.519</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.35pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑ D = 326.64</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.75pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑ PG = 4.369</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑ PL = 4.363</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">∑ = 4.375</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.7pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Selisih = 6 mm</span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Toleransi pengukuran untuk tingkat ketiga 10 mm x S = 10 x 0.326 = 5.7mm, pada perhitungan diatas selisih = 6 mm maka pengukuran harus diulangi karena kesalahan (selisih) lebih besar dari toleransi yang diisyaratkan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran detail</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Yang dimaksud dengan pengukuran detail atau pengukuran kipas adalah pengukuran sama benda-benda atau titik-titik dilapangan yang merupakan kelengkapan daripada sebagian permukaan bumi baik benda buatan seperti jalan, jembatan, bangunan, dsb ataupun benda alam seperti gunung, sungai dsb. Dari pengukuran ini kedudukan tinggi dari keadaan dilapangan dapat diketahui dapat digambarkan kembali dan akhirnya berwujud suatu peta.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Metode pengukuran</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Metode pengukuran ada 2 macam yaitu:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 93.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Metode ekstrapolasi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 93.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Metode interpolasi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pada praktikum ini digunakan metode ekstrapolasi, dikenal ada 2 cara untuk menentukan titik detail yaitu dengan system koordinat orthogonal dan system koordnat kutub. System koordinat kutub adalah cara pengukuran yang cepat dan dapat mencakup daerah yang luas, alat yang dipakai adalah Theodolit.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><br />
</div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251649536;"><span style="height: 185px; left: 123px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 281px;"><img height="185" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MRF462%7E1.BL@/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="281" /></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> C</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt;"> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="top" width="29"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5</span></span></div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 1.5pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5</span></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 10. Denah Pengukuran detail/kipas</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Titik-titik A, B, C, D ketinggiannya diketahui dari pengukuran waterpass memanjang seperti yang telah dijelaskan. Pengukuran ketinggian titik-titik 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dst dapat dijangkau dari tiap-tiap kedudukan instrument yaitu dari titik-titik A, B, C, D, dst maka didapatkan kedudukan titik-titik detail/kipas tersebut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran dengan jarak miring</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk mengetahui kedudukan titik detail tersebut maka dapat dilakukan dengan pengukuran jarak miring dimana diukur dengan sudut vertical, horizontal dan jarak optisnya. Selisih tinggi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MapInfo Cartographic","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US">H dapat dihitung dengan rumus:</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H = ((BA-BB) x 100xSin αV) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">±</span><span lang="EN-US"> (T<sub>p</sub>-BT)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H = selisih tinggi</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> BA, BT, BB = pembacaan baak</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> αV = sudut vertikal</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> Tp = tinggi pesawat</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 11. Pengukuran jrak miring </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk mencari jarak D yaitu jarak datar antara titik tetap (A) dan titik detail (1) adalah sebagai berikut: D = (BA-BB) x k x Cos αV</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dimana, D = Jarak datar</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> BA, BB = Pembacaan baak/rambu</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> k = Kontanta, diambil 100</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> αV = Sudut vertical</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sudut Horizontal (αH)</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran sudut horizontal dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui arah dan kedudukan dari pada titik-titik detail terhadap tetap.</span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. 12 Pengukuran sudut horizontal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pembacaan dimulai dari titik A (instrument berdiri di titik tetap) dengan posisi pembacaan sudut horizontal 0<sup>o</sup> ke utara dan berakhir pada titik 5. Pada setiap arah sudut horizontal dibaca secara kumulatif, artinya besarnya sudut yang dicari adalah jumlah antara pembacaan titik yang diarah dengan titik yang diarah sebelumnya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan titik kipas/detail meliputi:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Mencari selisih tinggi (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">H) antara titik tetap dengan titik kipas/detail</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Mencari jarak antara titik kipas dengan titik detail</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Mencari tinggi titik kipas/detail</span></span></div><br />
<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">BAB II </span></span></h5><div></div><h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">PETUNJUK PELAKSANAAN PRAKTIKUM</span></span></h5><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran dengan menggunakan Waterpass</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">à<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuannya untuk mengukur selisih tinggi (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US">H) antara dua titik yang telah ditentukan sehingga apabila ketinggian titik awal diketahui maka ketinggian titik-titik lain dapat diketahui/dicari.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">à<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Alat yang digunakan :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pesawat ukur waterpass</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Baak ukur 2 buah</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Statip</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pegas ukur dan perlengkapan lain (unting-unting, dll)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">à<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan teknis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak antara 2 titik mengikat asalkan tidak terpengaruh oleh hambatan-hambatan, misalnya: undulasi udara, fatamorgana, bangunan-banguan, dsb.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada waktu pembacaan baak ukur tidak terdiri diatas patok melainkan berdiri diatas tanah.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Ketinggian titik awal diketahui/telah ditentukan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Garis vizir atau garis teropong harus // dengan garis arah nivo.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Garis arah nivo harus tegak lurus dengan sumbu 1</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Benang saling horizontal harus tegak lurus sumbu 1</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">à<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Langkah/tahapan praktikum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Menyetel alat</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Stabilkan kedudukan pesawat melalui setiap agar kedudukannya tidak bergerak.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setimbangan nivo melalui sekrup penyetel (3 sekrup penyetel)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Putar pesawat 180<sup>o</sup> sehingga berbalik arah, chek apakah nivo masih dalam keadaan setimbang, jika masih setimbang maka garis bidik // garis arah nivo.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Chek sumbu 1 apakah tegak lurus garis bidik yaitu dengan cara mengatur unting-unting tepat diatas titik yang telah ditentukan sedemikian rupa hingga tidak merubah keseimbangan nivo.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pembacaan</span></span></div><h6><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pengukuran Pergi</span></span></h6><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="106"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr><td><br />
</td><td><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pesawat diusahakan berdiri ditengah-tengah antara 2 titik yang telah ditentukan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pembacaan baak muka catat benang atas, benang tengah dan benang bawah, dimana: BT = ½ (BA + BB)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Lakukan seperti diatas untuk pembacaan baak belakang. Masukkan dalam formulir data yang ada.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="69"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran Pulang</span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoHeading9"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Gb. 2. Pembacaan Waterpass belakang</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Baak tetap ditempat, geser kedudukan pesawat keatas atau kebawah namun alat masih tetap berdiri tadi antara 2 titik kemudian stel kembali seperti yang dijelaskan diatas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pembacaan baak belakang dan baak muka seperti tadi, catat dalam formulir data.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan pengukuran pasang patok pada tempat dimana baak ukur tadi berdiri atau ditentukan terlebih dahulu patok tersebut asalkan pada waktu pengukuran baak tidak berdiri diatas patok.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai pesawat dipindahkan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Langkah diatas adalah pengukuran arah PERGI dan PULANG, cara pengukuran waterpass seperti ini biasanya disebut pengukuran waterpass pergi pulang atau lazim disebut <i><u>double stand</u></i>. Perlu diingat bahwa pembacaan baak muka atau belakang pada waktu pengukuran pergi pulang <u>berlawanan tanda</u> serta <u>jarak pergi muka harus mendekati jarak pulang belakang dan sebaliknya jarak pergi belakang harus mendekati jarak pulang muka</u>. Berikut ini adalah contoh pengisian data pada formulir.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading7" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL</span></span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA</span></span></div><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Halaman 1</span></span></h4><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Diukur oleh : Budi Hendro Priyanto</span></span></h4><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tempat : UMS</span></span></h4><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -22.95pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Tp</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">No arah</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.55pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Benang Tengah</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.3pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Benang Atas</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Benang bawah</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Jarak</span></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Beda Tinggi</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tinggi</span></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Ket</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Belakang</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Muka</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Belakang</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Muka</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Blkg</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Muka</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Blkg</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">Muka</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">BM</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.530</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.430</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.540</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.520</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.440</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.420</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">CP1</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.674</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.510</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.700</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.648</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.520</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.500</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">CP2</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.740</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.620</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.760</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.720</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.640</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.600</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">CP3</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.7</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.520</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.710</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.690</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.530</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 110%;">0.510</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran Poligon</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : untuk mengetahui kedudukan suatu titik dan sudut arah dengan melakukan pengukuran sudut dan jarak dilapangan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Alat yang digunakan :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pesawat Theodolit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pegas ukur/baak ukur</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Statip</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Yaloon</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan teknis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak tiap titik tidak terbatas kecuali apabila dipengaruhi oleh hambatan seperti : undulasi udara, fatamorgana dan bangunan-bangunan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setiap pembacaan sudut harus selalu dikontrol, sudut yang dibaca adalah sudut luar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setiap penyetelan alat harus memenuhi syarat garis vizir/garis bidik sumbu.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Langkah/tahapan Poligon</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Menyetel alat</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan 3 sekrup penyetel aturlah nivo horizontal sehingga sumbu 2 horizontal, maka garis vizir akan // sumbu 2.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat sumbu 1 vertikal dengan meletakkan unting-unting tepat diatas patok/paku yang telah diberi tanda atau dengan melihat dengan teropong pembidik unting-unting.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Komposisi kedua hal tersebut diatas menghasilan sumbu 2 tegak lurus dengan sumbu 1 dan ditunjukkan dengan setimbangnya nivo horizontal pada pesawat (nivo tabung).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Apabila nivo horizontal tersebut belum setimbang maka kedua hal tersebut diulangi sampai mendapatkan hasil yang sempurna.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Menentukan Azimuth awal dan sudut horizontal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Klem horizontal dan bawah dilepas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Buat pembacaan sudut horizontal dalam posisi 0<sup>o</sup>0’0” dengan cara memutar piringan hitam (lingkaran graduasi).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kemudian klem horizontal atas dikerasakan (dikunci)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan pertolongan sekrup penggerak halus sudut, buat posisi pembacaan sudut tepat 359<sup>o</sup>59’60” atau 0<sup>o</sup>0’0” dan arahkan ke utara dengan bantuan kompas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kemudian klem bawah dikeraskan (dikunci) dan klem atas dilepas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Putar pesawat searah jarum mengarah ketitik CP1 secara kasar dan letakkan yaloon (patok) di titik CP1 tersebut (lihat gambar), klem atas dikeraskan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan sekrup penggerak halus horizontal teropong akan bergerak mendekati yaloon dan akhirnya berimpit dengan benang silang. Hal ini terlihat pada bidang diafragma.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">h.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Catat pembacaan sudutnya (azimuth awal)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">i.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Untuk pembacaan sudut horizontal pesawat dengan posisi pembacaan 0<sup>o</sup>0’0” diarahkan putar searah jarum jam arahkan pada titik sesudahnya (titik sesudah tempat pesawat)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">j.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Catat pembacaan sudut horizontal.</span></span> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb.3. Pembacaan azimuth awal dan sudut horizontal serta penempatannya</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PENGUKURAN KIPAS</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">:<i> </i>Untuk mengukur semua titik-titik atau bangunan-bangunan di lapangan sehingga didapatkan kedudukan tingginya, pengukuran ini disebut juga <i><u>pengukuran detail</u></i>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Alat yang digunakan:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Bak ukur</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pesawat theodolit</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Statip</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan teknik</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jumlah titik kipas tidak terbatas, tergantung pada keadaan lapangan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setiap pengukuran harus disertai sketsa dimana di dalamnya ditunjukkan mengenai kedudukan titik-titik dan bangunan yang diukur serta diberi nomor urut sesuai dengan arah saat pengukuran.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada waktu pengukuran titik kipas dari suatu kedudukan titik harus overlap dengan pengukuran yang sama dari titik yang lain.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Titik pesawat diukur dari permukaan tanah sampai garis bidik.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Langkah / tahapan Praktikum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Menempatkan pesawat Theodolit diatas titik tetap kemudian distel alat seperti yang dijelaskan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah itu mencatat tinggi pesawat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Menempatkan bak ukur pada tempat yang telah ditentukan, apabila permukaan tanah naik turun, maka bak ukur ditempatkan pada tempat yang mempunyai perbedaan tinggi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Membaca BA, BT, BB dan sudut horizontal, sudut vertikal kemudian dicatat pada formulir data.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat sketsa situasi dimana pengukuran kipas ini dilakukan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Khususnya bila dijumpai bangunan seperti jalan, jembatan, sungai, rumah, dan bangunan lain.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Tabel. Pengukuran kipas bila menjumpai bangunan</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">No</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Nama Bangunan</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran kipas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan pada</span></span></div></td> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Sketsa</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jalan beraspal</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kedua sisi tepi jalan diukur dengan pegas ukur</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jalan tak beraspal</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Tepi, tengah, tepi jalan, lebar, jalan diukur dengan pegas ukur</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Jembatan</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setiap sudut jembatan, tengah jembatan dan lebar jembatan diukur dengan pegas ukur.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Sungai</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Tebing atas kanan kiri, tebing bawah kanan kiri, dasar sungai</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">5.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Rumah</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Setiap sudut bangunan rumah CP apabila terhalang minimal dua di sudut, yang lain diukur dengan pegas ukur</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">6.</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Bangunan bangunan lain</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada batas-batas bangunan tersebut masih dapat dijangkau atau dilihat dari pesawat</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.85pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="41"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="ALL" /><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada pengukuran seperti pada f diatas, terutama pada bangunan jalan dan sungai pengukuran dilakukan dengan kerapatan yang memadai sehingga didapatkan arah jalan ataupun aliran sungai apabila digambar:</span></span> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. Pengukuran kipas pada sungai</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="31"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Gb. Pengukuran kipas pada bangunan jalan</span></span></div><br />
<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">BAB IV </span></span></h5><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan segala rahmat, taufik serta hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas Praktikum Ilmu Ukur Tanah ini dengan baik. Semoga Laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca dalam memahami mata kuliah Ilmu Ukur Tanah. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Akhir kata, kami ucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang tela membantu hingga tugas ini selesai. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. </span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan Interval BM</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Tinggi Titik (T<sub>A</sub>) = -0.02 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Skala = 1 : 250</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Interval = 0.05</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">1. Jarak (D) = 22,5 m 0.9 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.27 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">2. Jarak (D) = 44.5 m 17.8 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.28 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">3. Jarak (D) = 47.5 m 19 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.10 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">4. Jarak (D) = 57.5 m 23 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.75 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">5</span><span lang="SV">. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 27.5 m 11 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.10 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">6. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 38 m 15.2 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.14 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">7. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 38.5 m 15.4 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.21 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">8. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 41.25 m 16.4 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.20 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">9. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 47 m 18.8 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.20 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">10. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 52.5 m 21 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.10 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">11. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 45.5 m 18.2 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.12 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">12. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 41.25 m 16.5 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = -0.14 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">13. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 29 m 11.6 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.30 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">14. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 34.25 m 13.7 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.94 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="position: relative; top: 29pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">15. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Jarak (D) = 46.75 m 18.7 cm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> Tinggi Titik = 0.60 m</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div>Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-44854324622452227352012-02-03T00:25:00.000-08:002012-02-03T00:31:01.935-08:00Desain Struktur Abutment Jembatan<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SF0cmx5X7-0/TyubL2M7egI/AAAAAAAAAEY/0bn5lzpC6FE/s1600/image.axd.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="102" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SF0cmx5X7-0/TyubL2M7egI/AAAAAAAAAEY/0bn5lzpC6FE/s320/image.axd.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> Jembatan operasi merupakan bangunan pelengkap suatu bendung. Jembatan dibangun terutama pada bendung dengan pengambilan kiri dan kanan, atau sebagai akses jalan di sekitar lokasi karena lokasi jembatan yang ada cukup jauh. Perlu diambil banyak pertimbangan untuk menentukan apakah suatu bendung akan dilengkapi dengan jembatan operasi atau tidak. Demikian juga mengenai tipe jembatan dan kelas jembatan yang akan didesain. Jika tidak akan dilewati kendaraan, maka jembatan operasi untuk penyeberangan orang saja sudah cukup. Akan tetapi apabila yang akan lewat di atas jembatan kendaraan dengan beban berat, maka bisa dipertimbangkan untuk menggunakan jembatan kelas I. Kriteria penentuan jembatan untuk jaringan irigasi dapat anda lihat pada <a href="http://hydrodesign10.blogspot.com/2010/06/design-criteria-for-irrigation-canal.html"><span style="color: blue;">Desain Kriteria</span></a> pada postingan sebelumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> Walaupun pada saat ini sudah banyak program aplikasi untuk perencanaan struktur, namun perhitungan struktur dengan program Excel biasanya masih banyak dipilih dalam perencanaan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Terutama dalam penyusunan laporan nota desain, tahap perhitungan dengan program excel cukup jelas dan dapat diterima oleh pihak Direksi Pekerjaan dalam suatu pekerjaan perencanaan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Pada postingan kali ini kami sajikan sebuah program (Excel) untuk perhitungan struktur abutment jembatan. Input gaya dan geometri struktur cukup mudah dan sederhana pada lembar perhitungan input data. Output dari program ini adalah dimensi abutment dan gambar penulangan abutment jembatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4633985611403537676.post-54294956925512551342012-02-01T23:34:00.001-08:002012-02-01T23:34:30.442-08:00posting pertamaini posting pertama saya.....<br />semoga bermanfaat bagi bagi kawan2 semua.....Hermancivilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14931131692798493867noreply@blogger.com0